Aplastic anaemia is a rare medical condition characterized by a bone marrow failure resulting in a low count of red and white blood cells and platelets. Some of the synonyms used for aplastic anaemia include bone marrow failure, pure red cell aplasia, and myelodysplastic syndrome. Myelodysplastic syndrome is a condition in which blood-forming cells in the bone marrow become abnormal and ineffective. Pure red cell aplasia is a rare acquired or inherited disorder characterized by a severe reduction or absence of red blood cells. Aplastic anaemia is often caused by exposure to radiation, toxins, or drugs, and treatment typically involves a bone marrow transplant or medication.