Canavan disease, also known as Canavan-Van Bogaert-Bertrand disease, is a rare and fatal genetic disorder that affects the brain and nervous system. It is also referred to as spongiform leukodystrophy, which is a type of degenerative disease that affects the myelin sheath around nerve fibers. Other synonyms for Canavan disease include aspartoacylase deficiency, N-acetylaspartic aciduria, and infantile cerebral spongy degeneration. This condition primarily affects infants and toddlers and can lead to developmental delays, muscle stiffness, and seizures. Unfortunately, there is no cure for Canavan disease, and treatments are primarily supportive in nature. Gene therapy is currently being studied as a potential treatment option.