What is another word for crowding out?
Pronunciation: [kɹˈa͡ʊdɪŋ ˈa͡ʊt] (IPA) 
Crowding out refers to the phenomenon where an increase in government spending reduces private sector investment. This can be described using different phrases, such as displacement effect, substitution effect, or push-out effect. Other synonyms for crowding out include resource diversion, competition for resources, and displacement of resources. In economics, crowding out can also be referred to as the Ricardo effect, named after economist David Ricardo, who theorized that an increase in government borrowing would "crowd out" private borrowing and investment. Additionally, some may use interchangeable terms like "opportunity cost" or "trade-offs" to describe the negative impact of government spending on private sector investment.
