Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a rare condition that affects the bone marrow's ability to produce red blood cells. DBA is also known by several synonyms, including congenital hypoplastic anemia, severe congenital pure red cell aplasia, and red blood cell aplasia of infancy. These terms all refer to the same medical condition characterized by a lack of red blood cells in the body. DBA is usually diagnosed in infancy or early childhood, and symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, and a weakened immune system. Treatment options include regular blood transfusions and corticosteroids to stimulate red blood cell production. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying causes of DBA and develop more effective treatments.