DNA mismatch repair refers to a complex biological process that helps in correcting errors that occur during DNA replication. This mechanism is essential for maintaining genome stability, and any defects in it can lead to the development of various diseases, including cancer. There are various synonyms used to describe DNA mismatch repair, including DNA repair, nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, DNA damage response, and genome maintenance. These terms all refer to the same basic process of repairing errors in the genetic code. Understanding and studying DNA mismatch repair is critical in developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for diseases that arise due to defects in this important biological process.