"Fundamental science" refers to the basic and essential principles of scientific investigation that underlie our understanding of the natural world. Synonyms for this term include "foundational science," "core science," and "elementary science." Other related terms include "pure science," which emphasizes the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, and "basic research," which is focused on advancing scientific understanding without direct applications in mind. As our understanding of the scientific process evolves, so too may the terminology used to describe the core principles of scientific investigation. Regardless of the specific words used, however, it is clear that fundamental science plays a critical role in advancing our collective understanding of the world around us.