What are the opposite words for Hospital Joint Purchasing?

Hospital joint purchasing refers to the process of medical institutions procuring goods and services together, to minimize costs and achieve economies of scale. The antonyms of hospital joint purchasing could be: 1) Individual purchasing: Here, each hospital procures goods and services separately, leading to higher costs due to lost opportunities of group discounts. 2) Competitive purchasing: This approach involves hospitals competing against each other for the best prices on goods and services, resulting in higher costs for individual institutions. 3) Fragmented purchasing: This occurs when hospitals procure goods and services separately, without any coordination or sharing of resources, leading to inefficiencies and higher costs. 4) Non-collaborative purchasing: This approach involves each hospital working independently and not collaborating with other institutions, resulting in limited resources and higher costs due to the duplication of efforts.

What are the antonyms for Hospital joint purchasing?

• Other relevant words:

• individual
,
• separate
.

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