Lethargic encephalitis, also known as von Economo's disease, is a rare disorder affecting the central nervous system. This condition is characterized by symptoms such as extreme lethargy, fever, and atypical sleep patterns. Though the term "lethargic encephalitis" is most commonly used, there are several other synonyms for this disorder. Some other terms used to describe this illness include epidemic encephalitis, sleeping sickness, and von Economo lethargic encephalitis. Despite the various names, this condition remains a challenging diagnosis to make, and treatment options are limited. Definitive causes for this disorder remain unknown, with research continuing to provide insights into this puzzling disease.