The term "pagan religion" refers to a wide range of religious beliefs and practices that existed before the rise of Christianity. Synonyms for pagan religion include heathenism, polytheism, animism, shamanism, and nature worship. Heathenism generally refers to beliefs and practices associated with Germanic or Norse cultures, whereas polytheism refers to the worship of many gods and goddesses in various cultures. Animism refers to the belief that non-human entities have a spiritual essence, while shamanism involves communication with the spirit world through a shamanic practitioner. Nature worship refers to the veneration of natural phenomena, such as trees, rivers, and mountains, as deities or spiritual entities.