The posterior tibial artery is a major blood vessel that runs down the back of the lower leg and provides blood supply to the foot and ankle. Synonyms for this artery include the tibial posterior artery, posterior tibial vascular system, and tibial artery. Additionally, the artery is a branch of the popliteal artery and is responsible for supplying blood to the sole of the foot. It is a critical artery as it provides oxygen and nutrients to the muscles and tissues in the lower leg and foot. Any damage or blockage to the posterior tibial artery can lead to serious health issues, such as peripheral artery disease.