Protein biosynthesis refers to the process by which cells make proteins. However, there are several synonyms for this term, including protein synthesis, translation, and peptide biosynthesis. Translation specifically refers to the process of converting genetic information (DNA and RNA) into a sequence of amino acids, which make up proteins. Peptide biosynthesis is a narrower term that refers to the production of peptides, which are a type of protein that consists of shorter chains of amino acids. However, all of these terms are used interchangeably to describe the overall process of creating proteins within cells. Regardless of the term used, protein biosynthesis is a critical cellular process that is essential for life.