The Erinyes, also known as "the Furies," were the three goddesses of vengeance in Greek mythology. They were fiercely protective of justice and punished anyone who committed crimes, especially those against family members. In literature, the Erinyes are often referred to as "the ancient goddesses," "the avenging deities," or "the infernal goddesses." They were also associated with the underworld and the dead, which led to other synonyms like "the chthonic goddesses" or "the goddesses of Hades." Despite being portrayed as terrifying figures, the Erinyes were also worshipped as goddesses of fertility and bountiful harvests, and were therefore called "the Eumenides," meaning "the gracious ones".