The phrase "was overtaken" can be replaced with a variety of synonyms to convey the same meaning. Alternatives include "was surpassed," "was outdistanced," "was outstripped," "was left behind," "was eclipsed," "was overrun," "was overwhelmed," "was conquered," "was overpowered," "was dominated," and "was subjugated." These synonyms all convey the idea of one thing or person being surpassed, beaten, or overtaken by another. Each synonym is useful in different contexts, with some denoting a physical race or competition while others suggest a more abstract idea of one idea or force overcoming another.