Xiphosurus Polyphemus is a species of arthropod commonly known as the American horseshoe crab. It is also referred to as Limulus polyphemus, the Atlantic horseshoe crab, or simple horseshoe crab. The taxonomy of the horseshoe crab has undergone revisions over time, and various synonyms have been used to refer to this ancient and complex creature. Other synonyms include Euproops Polyphemus, Molveldia Polyphemus, Cephalotheca Polyphemus, and Tachypleus gigas. Despite their misleading name, horseshoe crabs are not true crabs but belong to a group of marine arthropods known as chelicerates. They are considered living fossils, having undergone little change in their 450 million years of existence.