Caspases are a class of enzymes that play a major role in programmed cell death (apoptosis). Synonyms for caspase include cysteine-aspartic acid protease, cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed protease, and interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. These enzymes are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including inflammation, differentiation, and proliferation. Caspases are classified into two main groups based on their function: initiator and effector caspases. Initiator caspases are responsible for initiating the apoptosis process, while effector caspases are responsible for the actual destruction of the cell. Understanding the different roles and functions of caspases is vital to unlocking their therapeutic potential in the treatment of diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.