Counterintelligence is a term used to describe the act of preventing intelligence gathering by hostile parties. However, there are several alternative words that can be used in place of the term. These include espionage surveillance, spy catching, anti-intelligence, and counter-espionage. All of these synonyms are related to intelligence gathering techniques that can be used to defend against or neutralize the threat of hostile intelligence activities. Counterintelligence efforts often focus on bureaucratic mechanisms, technological innovations such as encryption, and human intelligence gathering. While the terminology may differ, the goal remains the same: to protect sensitive information and prevent hostile nations or individuals from gathering intelligence on sensitive information.