While ghana had been under attack by the Arabs from outside, various peoples from within struck for their own freedom.
"The Black Experience in America The Immigrant Heritage of America"
Norman Coombs
The Mandinka people, who had been the middlemen in the gold trade and who had received protection from the king of ghana, achieved their independence in 1230 A.D. They went on to use their position in the gold trade to build an empire of their own.
"The Black Experience in America The Immigrant Heritage of America"
Norman Coombs
ghana had gained its status as an independent nation.
"The Black Experience in America The Immigrant Heritage of America"
Norman Coombs