Hemoglobin C is a type of hemoglobin protein that is found in red blood cells. It is characterized by a mutation in the HBB gene, which is responsible for encoding the β-globin chain of the hemoglobin molecule. Some synonyms for Hemoglobin C include HbC, Hemoglobin C disease, Hemoglobin C trait, and HGBC. The condition is typically asymptomatic and does not cause any major health problems for those who carry it. However, in rare cases, Hemoglobin C may lead to mild anemia or other complications. The condition is particularly common among individuals of African or Mediterranean descent. Treatment is usually not necessary, but in some cases, blood transfusions may be required to manage symptoms.