Ribosomal frameshift is a critical process in the regulation of protein translation in cells. It occurs when the ribosome reading frame shifts by one or two nucleotides, causing a shift in the codon sequence. Synonyms for ribosomal frameshift include ribosomal slippage, translational frameshifting, frameshift suppression, and recoding. The process is essential in viral replication, gene expression regulation, and mutation avoidance during protein synthesis. Mutations affecting ribosomal frameshift can result in a range of disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Understanding the mechanisms of ribosomal frameshift provides a foundation for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for these conditions.