Anorchism, also known as anorchia, is a medical condition characterized by the absence or underdevelopment of testes in a male. It may be congenital or acquired due to trauma, surgery, or radiation therapy. Because anorchism is a rare condition, there are limited synonyms available to describe it. Some medical professionals may use the alternate term "testicular agenesis" to describe the same condition. Other related terms may include such as cryptorchidism, which is the failure of descent of one or both testes into the scrotum, and hypogonadism, which refers to underdevelopment of the male reproductive system due to hormonal imbalances or genetic defects.