Erythroxylum is a genus of flowering plants commonly known as coca. This genus includes more than 200 species, most of which are indigenous to South America. Coca has significant cultural, spiritual, and medicinal importance in Andean countries. Although erythroxylum is the scientific name for coca plants, it has several synonyms that are often used interchangeably. These include the names Erythroxylum coca, Erythroxylum novogranatense, and Erythroxylum truxillense. Despite the many synonyms for this plant genus, its cultural significance remains intact, and the debate around its traditional use and illegal cultivation continues.