The life history is not known, but the infectious stage is undoubtedly taken in with the feed or water, infection being spread by the eggs of the parasite contained in the feces of infested animals.
"Special Report on Diseases of Cattle"
U.S. Department of Agriculture J.R. Mohler
The stalls, stables, and barnyards should also be thoroughly disinfected, as has been described under "Tuberculosis," in this chapter, special attention being given to those places which have been soiled by feces.
"Special Report on Diseases of Cattle"
U.S. Department of Agriculture J.R. Mohler
The feces passed by the former animals should be placed on cultivated soil where healthy cattle will not be exposed to them, as the bacilli producing the disease are readily found in such manure.
"Special Report on Diseases of Cattle"
U.S. Department of Agriculture J.R. Mohler