Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are solid deposits that form inside the kidneys and can cause intense pain and discomfort. Other synonyms for this condition include urolithiasis, nephrolithiasis, and urinary tract stones. While the causes of kidney stones vary, common risk factors include dehydration, a diet high in salt and oxalate-rich foods, and certain medical conditions. Treatment for kidney stones may involve pain management, hydration therapy, and shockwave lithotripsy or ureteroscopy to break up or remove the stones. Prevention methods include increasing fluid intake, maintaining a healthy diet, and taking medication to manage underlying medical conditions that may contribute to stone formation.