When we talk about someone or something being stripped of something, it means that they have been deprived of it or had it taken away. There are various synonyms for this phrase that can be used depending on the context and the tone of the sentence. Such synonyms include devoid of, bereft of, divested of, robbed of, eliminated of, lost, lacking, shorn of, and void. These words can be used interchangeably to convey the same meaning as the original phrase. In essence, using the appropriate synonyms can add depth and variety to your writing and make it more engaging to your audience.