The phrase "were characteristic of" can be replaced with various synonyms to convey the same meaning. For instance, the phrase could be substituted with "defined" if one wants to highlight the uniqueness of something. If the idea to be conveyed is that something is peculiar or typical of something else, then "symbolized" can be used. "Embodied" is an appropriate synonym if one wants to indicate that something represents the whole of specific traits. "Represented" can be used to indicate that something portrays something or that it exemplified a specific trend. "Typified" is a suitable word to indicate that something is typical or reflects an intrinsic characteristic.